Russian+Revolution+overview+notes

Ø Nicholas was a charming, kind and deeply religious man Ø His wife Alexandra was very determined and interfered in the political decisions that Nicholas had to make Ø Nicholas followed her advice which made her unpopular Ø They had 5 children – their son Alexei was diagnosed as suffering from haemophilia which is a disorder of the blood, any slight injury caused bleeding which could not be stopped Ø Tsarevich- title given to the eldest son of the Tsar Ø Alexei’s weakness was also a political problem. Nicholas was afraid that if his enemies knew that his son was unlikely to succeed him it would encourage them to make even greater demands for change Ø The child's illness had to be kept secret, Alexei lived outside St Petersburg in the Tsar’s village Tsarkoe Selo. Alexandra spent a lot of time there, which people considered as her being a snob Ø Because of Nicholas and Alexandra’s anxiety they became dependent on an holy man **//Gregory Efimovitch (RASPUTIN).//** His hypnotic powers appeared to heal Alexei. Ø Alexandra came to rely on him and called for him whenever Alexei was ill Ø Rasputin took advantage of the Tsarina’s weakness to influence political decisions Ø Rasputin was murdered by a group of noblemen in 1916
 * __ OVERVIEW OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION __**
 * //__ Was Nicholas II Responsible for his Own Downfall? __//**

Ø Nicholas had not inherited a peaceful realm Ø There had been unrest and violence throughout the 19th century in the cause of freedom and a better life Ø Until 1861 the mass of Russian peasants had been serfs (slaves) owned by their masters Ø In 1861 Nicholas’s grandfather Alexander II gave them their freedom Ø After the emancipation of the serf’s local councils called zemstva’s were set up to provide welfare and public services <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Nicholas’s father and grandfather used their secret police – the Okhrana –to root out other dangerous revolutionaries, many were imprisoned in Siberia or exiled <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Nicholas II continued this policy but it only increased opposition –demonstrated by acts pof terrorism and murder <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Early in Nicholas’s reign revolutionaries were forming themselves into political parties <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The popularity of the tsar continued to decline
 * //__ Nicholas’s Restless Inheritance __//**

1904 Russia was one of the great powers and had the largest army in the world <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Arial Narrow'; msobidifontfamily: 'Arial Narrow'; msolist: Ignore;">- Japanese attacked the Russian fleet in Port Arthur <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Arial Narrow'; msobidifontfamily: 'Arial Narrow'; msolist: Ignore;">- The start of the war was greeted with enthusiasm by the people <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Arial Narrow'; msobidifontfamily: 'Arial Narrow'; msolist: Ignore;">- Tsar’s popularity rose dramatically <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Arial Narrow'; msobidifontfamily: 'Arial Narrow'; msolist: Ignore;">- The great Russian army was defeated at the battle of Mukden and a second siege of Port Arthur resulted in Russian fleet surrender <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Arial Narrow'; msobidifontfamily: 'Arial Narrow'; msolist: Ignore;">- The Tsar’s popularity collapsed his government was criticised by the middle classes <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Arial Narrow'; msobidifontfamily: 'Arial Narrow'; msolist: Ignore;">- Huge workers strike in St Petersburg
 * //__ War with Japan __//**

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø 1905 (beginning) over 100,000people in ST Petersburg were on strike <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø 9th January – a young priest – Father Gregory GApon organised a peaceful march to petition the Tsar for help – Winter Palace <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Men women and children went along <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø As they approached the palace their way was blocked by mounted Cossack (cavalry soldiers from Southern Russia) guards <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø They attacked the marches (unprovoked) – it was a massacre at least 92 men, women and children were killed <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Father Gapon’s Petition was A Parliament elected by the people Property organised trade unions A minimum wage An 8 hour day Education for the working class
 * //__ Bloody Sunday __//**

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø At the time of the march the Tsar was not at the Winter Palace – he was not aware it was going to take place <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø But as far as the people were concerned he was to blame <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The country erupted into violence and unrest <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø In towns all over the empire the workers went on strike <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø In February 1905 the Tsar’s uncle Grand Duke Sergei was murdered <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Worker’s councils or Soviets were formed to organise the worker’s action <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø In the countryside the peasants attacked their landlords <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The Tsar’s government was on the point 0of collapse and the country was fast becoming out of control <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø In October 1905 the Tsar issued the October Manifesto – in this document the Tsar promised a Duma – an elected parliament – that would advise him and his ministers, it would also have the power to make laws <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Strikes and riots continued throughout 1905
 * //__ The 1905 Revolution __//**

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Sergei Witte was made Prime Minister and elections were held for the Duma <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The Duma first met in 1906 and it became clear that it had no real power <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø If Nicholas did not like what its members said then they were dismissed <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø In June 1906 Peter Stolypin became Prime Minister and he managed to control the situation <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø He dealt harshly with revolutionaries but also began to introduce land reforms in an attempt to make life easier for the peasants <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø This was an attempt to make these people loyal to the Tsar <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø He was assassinated at the theatre in Kiev in 1911
 * //__ Peter Stolypin __//**

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The years between 1906 and 1914 were relatively peaceful <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø In 1914 the fragile peace in Europe was shattered <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø On 1 August 1914, Germany declared war on Russia and then on its ally France <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Russia was now involved in World War II <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø  There was an upsurge of patriotism and support for the tsar as he and Alexandra saw the troops off to the Eastern Front <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Hopes of victory were high because the army had been improved since the war with Japan <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø News from the front was not good, although the Russian armies had been successful at first they were soon beaten by the Germans at the battles of Tannenburg and Masurian Lakes <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø By the summer of 1915 over one million men had been taken prisoner and 1,440,000 men killed <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The heavy losses to the Russian army continued throughout 1915 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø In August 1915 the Tsar decided to go to the Front and take command of the armies himself <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø  By the beginning of 1917 the number of soldiers deserting the army was on the increase <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø World War I affected people at home very badly – there were serious food shortages – no men to gather in the harvest, prices rose beyond the reach of poorly paid workers on the towns
 * //__ The First World War –The Final Catastrophe __//**

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Nicholas had left the government in the hands of his wife – she continued to be influenced by Rasputin until his death in 1916 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Urged on by him she called and dismissed a succession of elderly ministers who were incapable of dealing with the crisis <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The war also caused strong anti German feeling – Alexandra was German <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø In St Petersburg, now renamed Petrograd, the soldiers, like the workers, were listening to revolutionary propaganda <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø They were driven to desperation by cold and hunger – above all they wanted to end the war <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø In February riots broke out in the streets as people queued for bread – the soldiers would not fire on the rioters – Russia was on the verge of revolution
 * //__ Alexandra and Rasputin __//**

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The crisis caused by the first world war was directly responsible for this revolution <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø There had been hunger riots, strikes and demonstrations before but the difference was that in February 1917, young Russian soldiers in Petrograd gave up their loyalty to the Tsar and joined the people <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø In February the Duma complained to Nicholas about the way the war was being fought – he ignored these complaints and dismissed the assembly <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø This encouraged some members of the Duma to defy the Tsar and set up a Provisional Government, promising to introduce elections and a new constitution (set of laws about government) as soon as peace and order were restored <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Without the support of the army the Tsar had no choice but to abdicate
 * //__ The February Revolution, 1917 __//**

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The members of the provisional government were mostly middle class <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø  They had no immediate ideas about how to run the country <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Their policy was to wait until there was a properly elected assembly <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø This delay was a mistake because the peasants wanted land and the workers wanted better conditions <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø There was a general demand for an end to the war – but nothing was done to deal with these problems <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The new government did free political prisoners and allowed those who had been exiled by the Tsar to return to Russia
 * //__ The Provisional Government __//**

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The position of the provisional government was weakened further because it had a rival – the Petrograd Soviet (Workers’ Council) <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø This came into being before the abdication of the Tsar <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø It was a council that represented the workers and soldiers in the city and was elected by them <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Soviets were set up in most of the towns and cities in Russia <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø At first the soviet and the Provisional Government worked together <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The deputies (representatives in the Soviet were quite moderate most of them belonged to the Mensheviks <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø  The //Mensheviks// was a political group who wanted a socialist government (government by the people for the people) eventually but realised that it might take time to achieve <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø  Their leader was Alexander Kerensky – he also became the leader of the provisional government in July 1917 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The slow progress towards reform meant that impatient workers and soldiers turned more and more to the Soviet for action <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø All might not have been lost if it had not been for the Bolsheviks <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The //Bolsheviks// were a more extreme group who wanted a working class revolution <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø They worked to weaken the provisional government by demanding peace immediately <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø At first they were a minority but in April 1917 they received a great boost to their cause – their leader Lenin returned to Petrograd
 * //__ The Petrograd Soviet __//**

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Lenin had lived in exile since 1897 in Siberia and then in Europe <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø He was a trained lawyer and as a young student he had decided that the answer to Russia’s problems lay in the work of the German writer and thinker Karl Marx <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The workers must rebel to destroy the old system and replace it with a government based on equality <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Everything would be shared out fairly so that no-one had more than he or she needed – this became known as //communism// <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Lenin could do very little from exile and when the 1905 revolution occurred he was excited because he thought it was his chance to return to Russia but this opportunity passed <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Lenin learned two important lessons from the 1905 revolution <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Arial Narrow'; msobidifontfamily: 'Arial Narrow'; msolist: Ignore;">1. The need to be highly organised <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Arial Narrow'; msobidifontfamily: 'Arial Narrow'; msolist: Ignore;">2. That the workers and peasants were a powerful force which he needed to have on his side of he were to succeed <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø As soon as he received the news of the February revolution he made plans to return to Russia <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø He was helped by the Germans – they knew that Lenin would take Russia out of World War I if he was successful
 * //__ Vladimir Ilyich Lenin __//**

//__ **‘All Power to the Soviets’** __// <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø From the moment of his arrival at the Finland Station, Petrograd Lenin began his attack on the Provisional Government <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The Bolsheviks were a small party of about 24,000 members <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø By means of stirring speeches and the clever organisation of his party workers, Lenin was able to influence the workers and soldiers in the Petrograd Soviet <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The Bolsheviks came to dominate the Soviets in other towns and cities of Russia <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The message was simple – if they wanted power and land they must take it! <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Lenin argued that it was the Soviet and not the Provisional Government that truly represented the people because their representatives were elected, unlike the provisional government <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø As the horrors of the war and hardships at home continued, these ideas became very acceptable to the workers, soldiers and peasants

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø It was not completely easy for Lenin because there was still some support for Kerensky <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø 3-4 July the workers, peasants and soldiers took to the streets once more in Petrograd <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø They looked for leadership from the Bolsheviks – but they were not yet ready for revolution – the result was confusion <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The party offices were smashed up, their newspaper, Pravda was confiscated and Lenin was forced to flee once more – this time to Finland
 * //__ The July Days __//**

//__ **The Kornilov Affair** __// <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø These events proved to be a temporary setback <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø In August Kerensky was faced with another problem – the Provisional Government had appointed a new supreme commander of the army – General Kornilov – he was as critical of Kerensky and the Mensheviks as he was of Lenin and the Bolsheviks <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø His supporters were landowners and business men – many of them wanted to see the tsar restored – he marched on Petrograd with the army <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Kerensky was desperate for the support of the workers to defend Petrograd - he asked the Bolsheviks for help <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The workers were armed and trained ready to meet the enemy, they were organised into a fighting force by another leading Bolshevik, Leon Trotsky <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Kornilov’s coup (takeover) was stopped – the workers believed that the Bolsheviks had saved them – afterwards they refused to give up their arms, Kerensky was helpless

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø In September 1917 Petrograd was still suffering from the effects of the war <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Soldiers that were called up were refusing to fight, food shortages remained serious <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø In these circumstances the Bolsheviks gained even more support with their slogan; ‘Peace, Bread and Land’. <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø In early October Trotsky became the leader of the Petrograd Soviet <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø He began to train the Petrograd workers to overthrow the Provisional Government <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø These became known as the //Red Guard// <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Also in October Lenin returned to Petrograd in disguise <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The time for a second revolution had arrived
 * //__ Trotsky and the Red Guard __//**

//__ **The Great October Revolution** __// <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø On the morning of the 16th October Lenin announced the end of the Provisional Government and the beginning of Soviet Government i.e. Government by the people <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø But could Lenin keep his promise of ‘Peace, Bread and Land’? – he had only taken Petrograd there were still many more millions of people who had either not heard if the Bolsheviks or did not know what they intended to do in Russia <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The next three years were to plunge the Russian people into even greater pain and hardship than the darkest days of the first world war

//__ Peace and Bread __// <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The Bolshevik’s immediate answer to the problem of bread was to encourage peasants to take food from the kulaks (richer peasants) <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø This caused violence in the countryside <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø In March 1918 a peace treaty was signed with Germany – the Treaty of Brest-Litvosk <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø This treaty was welcomed by all people but it was a disaster for Russia <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø It gave Germany some of its most valuable land and industry <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The rich grain lands of Ukraine and some of Russia’s most prosperous industrial areas in the Baltic and Poland <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø This was a high price to pay for a country that was still suffering from the hardships of the war **

//__ The Civil War 1918 – 1921 __// <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Lenin and the Bolsheviks soon found out that there was strong opposition to their new government <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø People opposed the Bolsheviks for different reasons; **

Some still supported the Tsar **Some still supported the Provisional Government** Some wanted to be free from Russia altogether (e.g. the Poles, Ukrainians and Cossacks Some were totally opposed to the ideas of the Bolsheviks <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø These different groups joined forces which attacked Russia – they were led by three men Kolchak – who attacked from the east Yudenitch – who attacked from the west Denikin – who attacked from the south Denikin – who attacked from the south

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Their armies were known as the **//Whites//** <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The Bolshevik armies were known as **//Reds//** <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø A groups of Czech soldiers who were being transported across Russia at the time of the October Revolution also joined the whites <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø It was when these men got dangerously close to Ekaterinburg in July 1918, that the order to execute the Tsar was given <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Forces from Britain and France landed at Archangel and supported the Whites in a half hearted way

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The civil war brought cruelty, hunger and disease to the Russian peasants whose villages were caught up in the fighting <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The horrors and atrocities that took place were recorded in the works of Russian writers suck as Boris Pasternak who wrote Dr Zhivago <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The Bolsheviks finally won the civil war in 1921 – this was partly due to the work of Leon Trotsky who trained and organised the red army <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø It was also a result of the failure of the white armies to co-operate with each other <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø If they had joined forces, then the outcome may have been very different <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Instead the empire of the Tsar came under Bolshevik control and was renamed the USSR <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø It now remained to be seen whether the Bolsheviks could complete the revolution they had begun and give the Russian people all the things that had been denied them by the Tsar
 * //__ After the Civil War __//**

**//__ HOW IMPORTANT WAS LENIN TO THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION __//** <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Until recently every town and city in the former Soviet Union had a statue of Lenin at its centre <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Lenin is often regarded as the father of the USSR <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Often he is shown pointing the way forward, for Lenin was the hero of the Russian Revolution <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø He was regarded as the saviour of the people; the only man who had all the answers to Russia’s problems and knew the way forward <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø For all these reasons he was greatly loved and respected by the people <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø In 1991 the Soviet Union was broken up into independent states <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The communist party (the Bolsheviks) lost its power <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Now the documents and other sources of evidence in the archive are slowly beginning to be explored <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Suddenly the Russian people have begun to see a different side to Lenin and they do not like it – many of the statues have been pulled down
 * //__ Problems of Evidence __//**

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Lenin’s real name was Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø He was born in 1870 in Simsberk a town on the river Volga <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø His father was a school inspector and the family were quite comfortably off <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Vladimir was a very intelligent and hard working pupil – he was devoted to his older brother Alexander who was executed in 1887 for his part in a plot to assassinate Tsar Alexander III <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Historian’s suggest that this was very significant in Lenin’s life – from that moment, they claim, he hated the Tsar and devoted his energy and intelligence to creating a different kind of government for Russia <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø This is not to say that revenge was his only motive
 * //__ Who Was Lenin and What Were His Origins? __//**

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø As a student of the University of Kazan he joined groups opposed to the Tsar <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø He was expelled from his university for his political activities and for being involved in demonstrations <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø In 1892 he completed his education and became a lawyer <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø During this period he studied the writings of Karl Marx – here he found what he thought were the answers to the problems that needed to be solved in Russis
 * //__ Lenin the Student Rebel __//**

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Marx (1818-1883) was a German who lived for some time in Britain <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø There he saw the effects of industrialisation on the working people, he believed that they were used to create wealth for their middle class bosses (capitalists) <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø He argued that the workers should receive a fair share of the wealth that they were creating <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Marx knew that this would not happen unless the working classes rose up against their bosses and took what he regarded as rightfully theirs <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The result would be a society where everyone would have a fair share of everything, according to their needs <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Everyone would be equal – there would be no more social classes – this is what is meant by communism <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The only way for a fairer society to emerge was to have a government that would represent the workers and protect their interests – Marx believed that this would happen in stages <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Lenin took these ideas and adapted them to the situation in Russia
 * //__ What Did Lenin Learn From Karl Marx? __//**

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø For many years Lenin was powerless to do anything for Russia <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø His criticisms of the Tsar resulted in imprisonment in 1895 and exile to Siberia in 1897 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø In 1900 he was allowed to leave Russia and began 17 years of exile in Western Europe <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø During this time he joined a group of other Russian exiles who had been attracted to the ideas of Marx <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø They were called the Social Democrats <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Lenin’s plan for a revolution in Russia made him stand out from the others in the group <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø But the only thing he could do in exile was write letters, plan his revolution on papers and hope that his chance would come
 * //__ Years in Exile __//**

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø When Lenin had almost given up hope his moment dame in Feb 1917 – the Tsar had been overthrown but the provisional government did not seem to have any policies that would improve the life of the people and the war dragged on <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø  It was the opportunity that Lenin had been waiting for <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø His return to Petrograd in April 1917 was to prove a major turning point in events in Russia – as Lenin seized leadership of the revolution
 * //__ To the Finland Station __//**

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Lenin was the man with the right ideas and the right personality <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø What were the qualities that enabled him to become the leader of Russia? He had great determination, he lacked emotion and could be ruthless He insisted on the complete loyalty of members of the Bolshevik party He recognized the importance of the party being highly organized and united He had a clear view of what he wanted – he didn’t let anyone stand in his way, he stuck to his beliefs because he believed he was right He persuaded people by his stirring speeches, his writings and his newspaper articles He spoke and wrote in a way that everyone could understand – he promised peace, bread, land and power to the workers, soldiers and peasants He spoke and wrote in a way that everyone could understand – he promised peace, bread, land and power to the workers, soldiers and peasants
 * //__ What Made Lenin a Great Leader? __//**

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø All of these characteristics can be seen in the events that followed his return

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø On 3 April 1917 Lenin arrived at the Finland Station in Petrograd <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø From this moment Lenin demanded to overthrow the provisional government, but this did not mean that it would happen automatically <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø His ideas were accepted by the ordinary people who heard him speak, but not by all members of the Bolshevik party <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Some thought he was right and others did not accept him as their leader and were shocked by his sudden and unexpected demands for a second revolution, but this did not worry Lenin <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø In July `9`7 – Lenin was forced to flee again into Exile in Finland following the refusal of the Bolsheviks to lead a working class revolt at that time <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Lenin kept up the enthusiasm of the party by his confident letters and newspaper articles – so when the opportunity came again in October the Bolshevik leadership was ready
 * //__ Did Lenin’s Return Make the October Revolution Inevitable? __//**

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Lenin received a lot of support from fellow Bolshevik Leon Trotsky – he promised his support to Lenin in May 1917 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Trotsky worked hard to get the army in Petrograd to support Lenin’s plans <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø His greatest contribution to the revolution was the organisation and training of the Red Guards - without this the October Revolution could not have taken place <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø During the civil war (1918-1921) he tirelessly toured round the Red Army encouraging soldiers to fight on and not to give up
 * //__ Leon Trotsky __//**

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø He came form a peasant family in Georgia, he was also attracted by Marxist ideas and was sent into exile as a result <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø He was Lenin’s idea of a ‘good’ Bolshevik – he was totally devoted to the party, he even robbed banks to swell the party funds <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø He supported Lenin and firmly believed that his plans for Russia were the right ones <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø He worked hard in the local workers’ soviets (councils) to get them to support Lenin <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Some historiasn think that in the course of time either if these men and others as well were capable of leading a second revolution – but Lenin clearly provided the inspiration in October 1917 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø He decided the time of the revolution, even though he stood back whilst others carried it out
 * //__ Joseph Stalin __//**

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Once Lenin had power it remained to be seen whether he could keep the promises he had made – neither Lenin nor the leading Bolsheviks had any experience of government and they had also spent a lot of their adult life away from Russia
 * //__ Did Lenin Have the Answers __//**

**Lenin immediately took steps to keep his first promise – negotiations began with the Germans to end the war for Russia – he believed that this could be achieved with very little cost to Russia** The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk – signed in 1918 robbed Russia of its grainlands and much of its oil The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk – signed in 1918 robbed Russia of its grainlands and much of its oil
 * // Peace //**

**Lenin kept his promise to hold elections for a Constituent Assembly (a body that would truly represent the people) - but the Bolsheviks did not have enough seats to be the majority party** Lenin had to act quickly to make sure the party stayed in power The new assembly met only once – the Bolsheviks claimed that power should be in the hands of the Soviets A Congress of Soviets replaced the Constituent Assembly – it was made up of representatives from all the local Soviets where Bolshevik support was strong The real base of power was a small committee of Bolsheviks called the Council of People’s Commissars (name for a minister in the government in the USSR) They changed their name to the communist party – Lenin was the leader, Trotsky was Commissar for Foreign Affairs, Stalin was Commissar for Nationalities No other parties were allowed – critics were dealt with by the Cheka (the Bolshevik’s secret police force) In 1923 Russia became the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and Moscow replaced Petrograd as the capital In 1923 Russia became the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and Moscow replaced Petrograd as the capital
 * // Government //**

**After the October Revolution Lenin allowed the land to be divided amongst the peasants because he needed their support – but he knew that they could not have complete freedom** during the civil war Lenin had to take strong measures to get food to the towns and cities – peasants were made to grow more and to give their crops to the government – if they resisted they were punished – this policy was called **//WAR COMMUNISM//** - in spite of this food production continued to fall Summer of 1921 led to famine – about five million people died of hunger and disease – more than in WWI and the Civil War These were desperate times for Lenin and the Communists – their harsh policies made these natural disasters harder for the people to bear People who had previously supported the Bolsheviks began to have second thoughts
 * // Land and Bread //**

//__ Lenin’s New Economic Policy __// <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Lenin realised that for the time being at least he was unable to destroy capitalism completely – because the economy of the country was so weak <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Even though the government had taken over the banks it did not have enough money to help industry to grow <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø In March 1921 Lenin introduced his New Economic Policy (NEP) – this allowed a certain amount of private trade, especially by the wealthier peasants (kulaks) <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The people had to be fed, or they could not work and the country would never get on its feet again <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø A certain percentage of the crop was taken by the government at a low price – the peasants were then free to sell the rest at their own price <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø A similar system operated in industry – where factory owners were allowed to run their factories and to make some profit <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø By 1924 there had been some improvement in the supply of food **

//__ The death of Lenin __// <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Lenin’s New Economic Policy shocked his Bolshevik comrades – including Trotsky – they believed he had abandoned his Marxist principles – but Lenin believed that there would have to be a gradual change and in the meantime some form of capitalism controlled by the government was necessary <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø In 1918 Lenin had been shot by a young woman called Fanya Kaplan – he recovered but 4 years later, he had a stroke which left him partially paralysed and weak <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø He died in January 1924 following a further stroke – his body was embalmed and placed in a special tomb outside the Kremlin (headquarters of the government in the USSR) for all to see – it remained there until the break up of the Soviet Union in 1991 **

//__ WHAT DID THE REVOLUTION ACHIEVE? __// // Did the quality of life of the people improve? //
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø After the October Revolution Lenin introduced a number of reforms which were intended to improve the life of the Russian people; **

He attempted to distribute wealth more fairly by reducing large salaries – the rich were encouraged to lend money **He gave women equal rights** He tried to improve the quality of life by making education available to peasant and workers He provided education for youngsters as he recognised that they were the country’s future <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø By the time of his death Lenin’s NEP was bringing some improvement, especially in the supply of food <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The peasants were also given some rights over ownership of land <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø But it was to take some time for the effects of these reforms to really benefit the people

// Did the people gain more freedom and power? // <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Lenin had promised ‘All power to the Soviets’ – it soon became clear that the real power was in the Kremlin in Moscow where Lenin was dominant <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The democratic government that he had promised never materialised <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Lenin’s secret police – Cheka were not very different from the Tsar’s Okhrana in silencing the criticism <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The harshness of the Bolshevik’s treatment of the workers and peasants led many to feel that they had exchanged one tyranny, that of the tsar, for another <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø In 1921 the sailors of Kronstadt naval base mutinied in protest – they had supported the Bolsehviks but were now disillusioned by their harsh policies and cruel methods <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Their actions spoke for thousands of others but it got them shot <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Those parts of the Russian Empire that had wanted independence at the time of the Tsar were no better off **

//__ The Stalin Years __//** <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Lenin was succeeded by Joseph Stalin who was determined to complete the communist revolution – this meant that everything would be owned and controlled by the State <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Above all Russia’s industries had to grow <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø The USSR had to become self sufficient (ability to supply all goods needed without the help of other countries) – because Stalin did not want to trade with capitalist countries <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Between 1924 and 1953 Stalin modernised the USSR – in addition to developing industry he ensured that the people were better housed and the children better educated than before the revolution <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø But success was achieved at a terrible price – forced labour and concentration camps were set up to deal with dissidents (people who disagree with a government and speak out against it) <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Millions of people were murdered or disappeared without a trace especially during purges (between 1934 and 1938 Stalin carried out a campaign to get rid of anyone who he thought was against him – millions were sent to labour camps or executed) <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Censorship of literature, State radio and control of the media kept the majority of people in ignorance – they had no contact with the world outside <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Stalin acted as a dictator – but to many Russians he was he was popular and a much loved leader – another hero of the Revolution that the people regarded as the greatest event in their history